SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE PAST, PASSIVE VOICE, AND CONJUNCTION

SIMPLE PRESENT

Simple Present digunakan untuk menerangkan suatu keadaan yang biasa dilakukan (habit) dan kebenaran umum.

Habit/activities which is frequently done (kebiasaan yang biasa dilakukan

Ex: He works as teller in a private bank

General truth (kebenaran umum)

Ex: The earth is round

Simple present juga digunakan sebagai sub clause (clause tambahan) untuk memodifikasi clause tambahan dalam present tense.

Ex: I will tell him the news, as soon as he comes.

Rumus Simpel Present

Verbal Sentences

Nominal Sentence

(+) S+V1/V1+s/es -          V1 yang digunakan untuk subjek I, You, We, They, plural noun/pronoun Ex: Theyclean the yard every week -          V1 yang digunakan untuk subjek He, She, It. Ex: He cleans the yard every week (-) S+do/does+not+V1 Example : Theydo not clean the yard every week Hedoes not clean the yard every week (?) do/does+S+V1 (Yes, No Question) Example : Do they clean the yard every week? Does he clean the yard every week? (?) Question word+do/does+S+V1 (5w+1h Question) Example : Why do they clean the yard every week? Why does he clean the yard every week?

(+) S+ Be (is, am, are) Be diikuti oleh kata benda atau kata sifat Example : Marinais a kind girl (-) S+Be+ not Example : Marinais not a kind girl (?) Be+S (Yes, No Question) Example : is Marina a kind girl? (?) Question word+Be+S (5w+1h Question) Example : Why is Marina very kind?

^ ^ : Verb dan Be mempunyai posisi yang sama yaitu sebagai predikat dalam suatu kalimat sehingga dapat ditukar. Jika ada Be maka tidak ada Verb dan sebaliknya.

Example : I am go => ini salah karena ada am (Be) dan go (Verb).

@ Waktu penggunaan Simple Present.

 Simple Present digunakan pada:

-          Setiap saat : ... on Sundays

-          Dapat juga digunakan ketika ada kata keterangan frequensi seperti sometimes (kadang), seldom (jarang), usually (biasanya), rarely (jarang), always (selalu), never (tidak pernah), often (seringkali).

# Perbedaan Simple Present dan Present Continous/Progressive

 Simple Present digunakan untuk sesuatu yang sifatnya kebiasaan dan Present Continous digunakan untuk kegiatan yang dilakukan pada saat itu.

SIMPLE PAST

Simple Past digunakan untuk aktivitas yang telah lampau.

Rumus Simple Past

Verbal Sentence	Nominal Sentence
(+) S+V2 Example: Theycleaned the yard last week (-) S+did+not+V1 Example : They did not clean the yard last week (?) did+S+V1 (Yes, No Question) Example : did they clean the yard last week? (?) question word+did+S+V1 (5w+1h question) Example : why did they clean the yard last week?	(+) S+Be (was, were) Example : Marinawas busy yesterday (-) S+Be (was, were)+not Example : Marina was not busy yesterday (?) Be (was, were)+S (Yes, No Question) Example : was Marina busy yesterday? (?) question word+Be (was, were)+S (5w+1h question) Example : why was Marina busy yesterday?

Ketika simple past dirangkaikan dengan past continous maka akan terbentuk suatu kalimat yang menggambarkan dua kejadian pada waktu yang bersamaan

Contohnya : I was walking along the stree when it began to rain

                    While I was studying, someone knocked the door

PASSIVE VOICE

Rumus dari passive voice adalah S+Be+V₃

Be dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 5 yaitu

1.      Present (is, am, are) jika waktu yang digambarkan ditambah dengan keterangan frequency seperti sometimes, usually, rarely, always, never dan often (SURANO). Selain itu kalimatnya juga menggambarkan suatu kebiasaan atau kebenaran umum.

Contohnya : Oxygen is distributed all over the body by the blood.

2.      Past (was, were) jika kalimat yang dituliskan menggambarkan kejadian yang telah lampau.

Contohnya : Borobudur temple was built by the Syailendra dynasty.

3.      Continous/Progressive (is being, am being, are being/ was being, were being) jika kalimat yang ditulis menggambarkan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi ketika sedang dibicarakan atau ketika sesuatu sedang terjadi pada masa lampau

Contohnya : It still being fixed because we didn’t get the sparepart until today

                    The skyscraper is being cleaned

4.      Perfect (has been, have been/ had been) jika waktu yang digambarkan menggunakan kata for, since dan menggambarkan juga sesuatu sedang dan masih terjadi sebelum suatu peristiwa lain terjadi.

Contohnya : The mail had been delivered by the mail carrier before I left for school this morning.

5.      Future (will be, be going to be) jiwa waktunya adalah tomorrow, next, soon, immediately, dan kejadian yang digambarkan akan benar terjadi pada masa yang akan datang.

Contohnya : Don’t worry they will be taken care of.

Present Perfect S+has, have+V3 Example : I have finished my homework	Past Perfect S+had+V3 Example : I had finished my homework when you came
Present Perfect Continous S+has, have+been+V+ing Example : I have been driving for an hour when the tyre gets flat	Past Perfect Continous S+had+been+V+ing Example : I had been drivingfor an hour when the tyre got flat

CONJUNCTION

Conjungtion dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi dua yaitu

1.      Coordinative Conjungtion yaitu konjungsi yang sepadan contohnya or, and, but, so, yet, nor.

Coordinative conjungtion dapat dimodifikasi menjadi paired conjungtion yaitu

-          Both...and...                : baik... maupun...

-          Either... or...                : salah satunya

-          Neither... nor...            : tidak keduanya

-          Not only... but also     : tidak hanya... tapi juga...

-          So... that...                   : sangat... sehingga (so+kata sifat)

-          Such... that...               : sangat... sehingga (so+noun phrase)

2.      Subordinative Conjungtion yaitu konjungsi yang mengkombinasikan sub clause dan main clause

Contohnya : Many fisherman went sailing although the weather was very bad

Untuk dalam konteks arti, conjungtion dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 5 yaitu

1.      Cause and Effect

a.       Because, since, for (diikuti klausa : S+P)

Contohnya : We didn’t come to the meeting because the weather was very bad

b.      Due to, because of (diikuti frasa : tanpa predikat)

Contohnya : We didn’t come to the meeting because of the very bad weather

c.       Therefore, accordingly : oleh karena itu, karena itu

Contohnya : the rice field in this region severely destroyed by plant pest, therefore the price of rice is rising highly

d.      So, thus, so that, in order that, in order to : jadi, maka, sehingga, agar supaya

2.      Concession

a.       Although, even though, though : walaupun/meskipun (diikuti klausa)

Contohnya : He went the party although he was tired

b.      Despite, inspite of : walaupun/meskipun (diikuti frasa)

Contohnya : He went the party despite his tiredneess

c.       However, nevertheless, but, yet, still

3.      Addition

a.       In addition, moreover, furthermore, besides : lagi pula, disamping itu

Contohnya : she is a very nice girl, moreover she is smart

4.      Condition

a.       If, unless, otherwise, as long as

5.      Defining

a.       That is, namely